ENH: Updated cloud source term computations

This commit is contained in:
andy 2011-05-06 12:29:43 +01:00
parent 241d0946f5
commit 2ac008348b
6 changed files with 188 additions and 289 deletions

View File

@ -104,13 +104,10 @@ void Foam::KinematicParcel<ParcelType>::calc
// Define local properties at beginning of time step
// ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
const scalar np0 = nParticle_;
const scalar d0 = d_;
const vector U0 = U_;
const scalar rho0 = rho_;
const scalar mass0 = mass();
// Reynolds number
const scalar Re = this->Re(U0, d0, rhoc_, muc_);
const scalar Re = this->Re(U_, d_, rhoc_, muc_);
// Sources
@ -119,6 +116,9 @@ void Foam::KinematicParcel<ParcelType>::calc
// Explicit momentum source for particle
vector Su = vector::zero;
// Linearised momentum source coefficient
scalar Spu = 0.0;
// Momentum transfer from the particle to the carrier phase
vector dUTrans = vector::zero;
@ -127,23 +127,7 @@ void Foam::KinematicParcel<ParcelType>::calc
// ~~~~~~
// Calculate new particle velocity
scalar Spu = 0.0;
vector U1 =
calcVelocity
(
td,
dt,
cellI,
Re,
muc_,
d0,
U0,
rho0,
mass0,
Su,
dUTrans,
Spu
);
this->U_ = calcVelocity(td, dt, cellI, Re, muc_, mass0, Su, dUTrans, Spu);
// Accumulate carrier phase source terms
@ -156,11 +140,6 @@ void Foam::KinematicParcel<ParcelType>::calc
// Update momentum transfer coefficient
td.cloud().UCoeff()[cellI] += np0*Spu;
}
// Set new particle properties
// ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
U_ = U1;
}
@ -173,9 +152,6 @@ const Foam::vector Foam::KinematicParcel<ParcelType>::calcVelocity
const label cellI,
const scalar Re,
const scalar mu,
const scalar d,
const vector& U,
const scalar rho,
const scalar mass,
const vector& Su,
vector& dUTrans,
@ -205,7 +181,7 @@ const Foam::vector Foam::KinematicParcel<ParcelType>::calcVelocity
Spu = dt*Feff.Sp();
IntegrationScheme<vector>::integrationResult Ures =
td.cloud().UIntegrator().integrate(U, dt, abp, bp);
td.cloud().UIntegrator().integrate(U_, dt, abp, bp);
vector Unew = Ures.value();

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@ -297,9 +297,6 @@ protected:
const label cellI, // owner cell
const scalar Re, // Reynolds number
const scalar mu, // local carrier viscosity
const scalar d, // diameter
const vector& U, // velocity
const scalar rho, // density
const scalar mass, // mass
const vector& Su, // explicit particle momentum source
vector& dUTrans, // momentum transfer to carrier

View File

@ -172,12 +172,11 @@ void Foam::ReactingMultiphaseParcel<ParcelType>::calc
// Define local properties at beginning of timestep
// ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
const scalar np0 = this->nParticle_;
const scalar d0 = this->d_;
const vector& U0 = this->U_;
const scalar rho0 = this->rho_;
const scalar T0 = this->T_;
const scalar Cp0 = this->Cp_;
const scalar mass0 = this->mass();
const scalar pc = this->pc_;
@ -189,11 +188,8 @@ void Foam::ReactingMultiphaseParcel<ParcelType>::calc
// Calc surface values
// ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
scalar Ts, rhos, mus, Prs, kappas;
this->calcSurfaceValues(td, cellI, T0, Ts, rhos, mus, Prs, kappas);
// Reynolds number
scalar Res = this->Re(U0, d0, rhos, mus);
@ -203,16 +199,25 @@ void Foam::ReactingMultiphaseParcel<ParcelType>::calc
// Explicit momentum source for particle
vector Su = vector::zero;
// Linearised momentum source coefficient
scalar Spu = 0.0;
// Momentum transfer from the particle to the carrier phase
vector dUTrans = vector::zero;
// Explicit enthalpy source for particle
scalar Sh = 0.0;
// Linearised enthalpy source coefficient
scalar Sph = 0.0;
// Sensible enthalpy transfer from the particle to the carrier phase
scalar dhsTrans = 0.0;
// 1. Compute models that contribute to mass transfer - U, T held constant
// ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
// Phase change in liquid phase
// ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
@ -310,28 +315,78 @@ void Foam::ReactingMultiphaseParcel<ParcelType>::calc
);
// Correct surface values due to emitted species
this->correctSurfaceValues(td, cellI, Ts, Cs, rhos, mus, Prs, kappas);
Res = this->Re(U0, d0, rhos, mus);
// Update component mass fractions
// ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
// 2. Update the parcel properties due to change in mass
// ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
scalarField dMassGas(dMassDV + dMassSRGas);
scalarField dMassLiquid(dMassPC + dMassSRLiquid);
scalarField dMassSolid(dMassSRSolid);
scalar mass1 =
updateMassFractions(mass0, dMassGas, dMassLiquid, dMassSolid);
this->Cp_ = CpEff(td, pc, T0, idG, idL, idS);
// Update particle density or diameter
if (td.cloud().constProps().constantVolume())
{
this->rho_ = mass1/this->volume();
}
else
{
this->d_ = cbrt(mass1/this->rho_*6.0/pi);
}
// Remove the particle when mass falls below minimum threshold
if (np0*mass1 < td.cloud().constProps().minParticleMass())
{
td.keepParticle = false;
if (td.cloud().solution().coupled())
{
scalar dm = np0*mass1;
// Absorb parcel into carrier phase
forAll(YGas_, i)
{
label gid = composition.localToGlobalCarrierId(GAS, i);
td.cloud().rhoTrans(gid)[cellI] += dm*YMix[GAS]*YGas_[i];
}
forAll(YLiquid_, i)
{
label gid = composition.localToGlobalCarrierId(LIQ, i);
td.cloud().rhoTrans(gid)[cellI] += dm*YMix[LIQ]*YLiquid_[i];
}
/*
// No mapping between solid components and carrier phase
forAll(YSolid_, i)
{
label gid = composition.localToGlobalCarrierId(SLD, i);
td.cloud().rhoTrans(gid)[cellI] += dm*YMix[SLD]*YSolid_[i];
}
*/
td.cloud().UTrans()[cellI] += dm*U0;
td.cloud().hsTrans()[cellI] += dm*HsEff(td, pc, T0, idG, idL, idS);
td.cloud().addToMassPhaseChange(dm);
}
return;
}
// Correct surface values due to emitted species
this->correctSurfaceValues(td, cellI, Ts, Cs, rhos, mus, Prs, kappas);
Res = this->Re(U0, this->d_, rhos, mus);
// 3. Compute heat- and momentum transfers
// ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
// Heat transfer
// ~~~~~~~~~~~~~
// Calculate new particle temperature
scalar Sph = 0.0;
scalar T1 =
this->T_ =
this->calcHeatTransfer
(
td,
@ -340,10 +395,6 @@ void Foam::ReactingMultiphaseParcel<ParcelType>::calc
Res,
Prs,
kappas,
d0,
rho0,
T0,
Cp0,
NCpW,
Sh,
dhsTrans,
@ -351,35 +402,23 @@ void Foam::ReactingMultiphaseParcel<ParcelType>::calc
);
this->Cp_ = CpEff(td, pc, this->T_, idG, idL, idS);
// Motion
// ~~~~~~
// Calculate new particle velocity
scalar Spu = 0;
vector U1 =
this->calcVelocity
(
td,
dt,
cellI,
Res,
mus,
d0,
U0,
rho0,
mass0,
Su,
dUTrans,
Spu
);
this->U_ =
this->calcVelocity(td, dt, cellI, Res, mus, mass1, Su, dUTrans, Spu);
// Accumulate carrier phase source terms
// ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
// 4. Accumulate carrier phase source terms
// ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
if (td.cloud().solution().coupled())
{
// Transfer mass lost from particle to carrier mass source
// Transfer mass lost to carrier mass, momentum and enthalpy sources
forAll(YGas_, i)
{
scalar dm = np0*dMassGas[i];
@ -421,76 +460,12 @@ void Foam::ReactingMultiphaseParcel<ParcelType>::calc
// Update momentum transfer
td.cloud().UTrans()[cellI] += np0*dUTrans;
// Update momentum transfer coefficient
td.cloud().UCoeff()[cellI] += np0*Spu;
// Update sensible enthalpy transfer
td.cloud().hsTrans()[cellI] += np0*dhsTrans;
// Update sensible enthalpy coefficient
td.cloud().hsCoeff()[cellI] += np0*Sph;
}
// Remove the particle when mass falls below minimum threshold
// ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
if (np0*mass1 < td.cloud().constProps().minParticleMass())
{
td.keepParticle = false;
if (td.cloud().solution().coupled())
{
scalar dm = np0*mass1;
// Absorb parcel into carrier phase
forAll(YGas_, i)
{
label gid = composition.localToGlobalCarrierId(GAS, i);
td.cloud().rhoTrans(gid)[cellI] += dm*YMix[GAS]*YGas_[i];
}
forAll(YLiquid_, i)
{
label gid = composition.localToGlobalCarrierId(LIQ, i);
td.cloud().rhoTrans(gid)[cellI] += dm*YMix[LIQ]*YLiquid_[i];
}
/*
// No mapping between solid components and carrier phase
forAll(YSolid_, i)
{
label gid = composition.localToGlobalCarrierId(SLD, i);
td.cloud().rhoTrans(gid)[cellI] += dm*YMix[SLD]*YSolid_[i];
}
*/
td.cloud().UTrans()[cellI] += dm*U1;
td.cloud().hsTrans()[cellI] += dm*HsEff(td, pc, T1, idG, idL, idS);
td.cloud().addToMassPhaseChange(dm);
}
}
// Set new particle properties
// ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
else
{
this->Cp_ = CpEff(td, pc, T1, idG, idL, idS);
this->T_ = T1;
this->U_ = U1;
// Update particle density or diameter
if (td.cloud().constProps().constantVolume())
{
this->rho_ = mass1/this->volume();
}
else
{
this->d_ = cbrt(mass1/this->rho_*6.0/pi);
}
}
}

View File

@ -267,21 +267,17 @@ void Foam::ReactingParcel<ParcelType>::calc
// Define local properties at beginning of time step
// ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
const scalar np0 = this->nParticle_;
const scalar d0 = this->d_;
const vector& U0 = this->U_;
const scalar rho0 = this->rho_;
const scalar T0 = this->T_;
const scalar Cp0 = this->Cp_;
const scalar mass0 = this->mass();
// Calc surface values
// ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
scalar Ts, rhos, mus, Prs, kappas;
this->calcSurfaceValues(td, cellI, T0, Ts, rhos, mus, Prs, kappas);
// Reynolds number
scalar Res = this->Re(U0, d0, rhos, mus);
@ -291,16 +287,25 @@ void Foam::ReactingParcel<ParcelType>::calc
// Explicit momentum source for particle
vector Su = vector::zero;
// Linearised momentum source coefficient
scalar Spu = 0.0;
// Momentum transfer from the particle to the carrier phase
vector dUTrans = vector::zero;
// Explicit enthalpy source for particle
scalar Sh = 0.0;
// Linearised enthalpy source coefficient
scalar Sph = 0.0;
// Sensible enthalpy transfer from the particle to the carrier phase
scalar dhsTrans = 0.0;
// 1. Compute models that contribute to mass transfer - U, T held constant
// ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
// Phase change
// ~~~~~~~~~~~~
@ -338,96 +343,26 @@ void Foam::ReactingParcel<ParcelType>::calc
Cs
);
// Correct surface values due to emitted species
correctSurfaceValues(td, cellI, Ts, Cs, rhos, mus, Prs, kappas);
Res = this->Re(U0, d0, rhos, mus);
// Update particle component mass and mass fractions
// 2. Update the parcel properties due to change in mass
// ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
scalarField dMass(dMassPC);
scalar mass1 = updateMassFraction(mass0, dMass, Y_);
this->Cp_ = composition.Cp(0, Y_, pc_, T0);
// Heat transfer
// ~~~~~~~~~~~~~
// Calculate new particle temperature
scalar Sph = 0.0;
scalar T1 =
this->calcHeatTransfer
(
td,
dt,
cellI,
Res,
Prs,
kappas,
d0,
rho0,
T0,
Cp0,
NCpW,
Sh,
dhsTrans,
Sph
);
// Motion
// ~~~~~~
// Calculate new particle velocity
scalar Spu = 0.0;
vector U1 =
this->calcVelocity
(
td,
dt,
cellI,
Res,
mus,
d0,
U0,
rho0,
mass0,
Su,
dUTrans,
Spu
);
// Accumulate carrier phase source terms
// ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
if (td.cloud().solution().coupled())
// Update particle density or diameter
if (td.cloud().constProps().constantVolume())
{
// Transfer mass lost to carrier mass and enthalpy sources
forAll(dMass, i)
{
scalar dm = np0*dMass[i];
label gid = composition.localToGlobalCarrierId(0, i);
scalar hs = composition.carrier().Hs(gid, T0);
td.cloud().rhoTrans(gid)[cellI] += dm;
td.cloud().UTrans()[cellI] += dm*U0;
td.cloud().hsTrans()[cellI] += dm*hs;
}
// Update momentum transfer
td.cloud().UTrans()[cellI] += np0*dUTrans;
// Update momentum transfer coefficient
td.cloud().UCoeff()[cellI] += np0*Spu;
// Update sensible enthalpy transfer
td.cloud().hsTrans()[cellI] += np0*dhsTrans;
// Update sensible enthalpy coefficient
td.cloud().hsCoeff()[cellI] += np0*Sph;
this->rho_ = mass1/this->volume();
}
else
{
this->d_ = cbrt(mass1/this->rho_*6.0/pi);
}
// Remove the particle when mass falls below minimum threshold
// ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
if (np0*mass1 < td.cloud().constProps().minParticleMass())
{
td.keepParticle = false;
@ -441,36 +376,81 @@ void Foam::ReactingParcel<ParcelType>::calc
{
scalar dmi = dm*Y_[i];
label gid = composition.localToGlobalCarrierId(0, i);
scalar hs = composition.carrier().Hs(gid, T1);
scalar hs = composition.carrier().Hs(gid, T0);
td.cloud().rhoTrans(gid)[cellI] += dmi;
td.cloud().hsTrans()[cellI] += dmi*hs;
}
td.cloud().UTrans()[cellI] += dm*U1;
td.cloud().UTrans()[cellI] += dm*U0;
td.cloud().addToMassPhaseChange(dm);
}
return;
}
// Correct surface values due to emitted species
correctSurfaceValues(td, cellI, Ts, Cs, rhos, mus, Prs, kappas);
Res = this->Re(U0, this->d_, rhos, mus);
// Set new particle properties
// ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
else
// 3. Compute heat- and momentum transfers
// ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
// Heat transfer
// ~~~~~~~~~~~~~
// Calculate new particle temperature
this->T_ =
this->calcHeatTransfer
(
td,
dt,
cellI,
Res,
Prs,
kappas,
NCpW,
Sh,
dhsTrans,
Sph
);
this->Cp_ = composition.Cp(0, Y_, pc_, T0);
// Motion
// ~~~~~~
// Calculate new particle velocity
this->U_ =
this->calcVelocity(td, dt, cellI, Res, mus, mass1, Su, dUTrans, Spu);
// 4. Accumulate carrier phase source terms
// ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
if (td.cloud().solution().coupled())
{
this->Cp_ = composition.Cp(0, Y_, pc_, T1);
this->T_ = T1;
this->U_ = U1;
// Transfer mass lost to carrier mass, momentum and enthalpy sources
forAll(dMass, i)
{
scalar dm = np0*dMass[i];
label gid = composition.localToGlobalCarrierId(0, i);
scalar hs = composition.carrier().Hs(gid, T0);
// Update particle density or diameter
if (td.cloud().constProps().constantVolume())
{
this->rho_ = mass1/this->volume();
}
else
{
this->d_ = cbrt(mass1/this->rho_*6.0/pi);
td.cloud().rhoTrans(gid)[cellI] += dm;
td.cloud().UTrans()[cellI] += dm*U0;
td.cloud().hsTrans()[cellI] += dm*hs;
}
// Update momentum transfer
td.cloud().UTrans()[cellI] += np0*dUTrans;
td.cloud().UCoeff()[cellI] += np0*Spu;
// Update sensible enthalpy transfer
td.cloud().hsTrans()[cellI] += np0*dhsTrans;
td.cloud().hsCoeff()[cellI] += np0*Sph;
}
}

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@ -172,21 +172,16 @@ void Foam::ThermoParcel<ParcelType>::calc
// Define local properties at beginning of time step
// ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
const scalar np0 = this->nParticle_;
const scalar d0 = this->d_;
const vector U0 = this->U_;
const scalar rho0 = this->rho_;
const scalar T0 = this->T_;
const scalar Cp0 = this->Cp_;
const scalar mass0 = this->mass();
// Calc surface values
// ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
scalar Ts, rhos, mus, Pr, kappas;
calcSurfaceValues(td, cellI, T0, Ts, rhos, mus, Pr, kappas);
calcSurfaceValues(td, cellI, this->T_, Ts, rhos, mus, Pr, kappas);
// Reynolds number
scalar Re = this->Re(U0, d0, rhos, mus);
scalar Re = this->Re(this->U_, this->d_, rhos, mus);
// Sources
@ -195,12 +190,18 @@ void Foam::ThermoParcel<ParcelType>::calc
// Explicit momentum source for particle
vector Su = vector::zero;
// Linearised momentum source coefficient
scalar Spu = 0.0;
// Momentum transfer from the particle to the carrier phase
vector dUTrans = vector::zero;
// Explicit enthalpy source for particle
scalar Sh = 0.0;
// Linearised enthalpy source coefficient
scalar Sph = 0.0;
// Sensible enthalpy transfer from the particle to the carrier phase
scalar dhsTrans = 0.0;
@ -212,8 +213,7 @@ void Foam::ThermoParcel<ParcelType>::calc
scalar NCpW = 0.0;
// Calculate new particle temperature
scalar Sph = 0.0;
scalar T1 =
this->T_ =
this->calcHeatTransfer
(
td,
@ -222,10 +222,6 @@ void Foam::ThermoParcel<ParcelType>::calc
Re,
Pr,
kappas,
d0,
rho0,
T0,
Cp0,
NCpW,
Sh,
dhsTrans,
@ -237,23 +233,8 @@ void Foam::ThermoParcel<ParcelType>::calc
// ~~~~~~
// Calculate new particle velocity
scalar Spu = 0.0;
vector U1 =
this->calcVelocity
(
td,
dt,
cellI,
Re,
mus,
d0,
U0,
rho0,
mass0,
Su,
dUTrans,
Spu
);
this->U_ =
this->calcVelocity(td, dt, cellI, Re, mus, mass0, Su, dUTrans, Spu);
// Accumulate carrier phase source terms
@ -272,11 +253,6 @@ void Foam::ThermoParcel<ParcelType>::calc
// Update sensible enthalpy coefficient
td.cloud().hsCoeff()[cellI] += np0*Sph;
}
// Set new particle properties
// ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
this->U_ = U1;
T_ = T1;
}
@ -290,10 +266,6 @@ Foam::scalar Foam::ThermoParcel<ParcelType>::calcHeatTransfer
const scalar Re,
const scalar Pr,
const scalar kappa,
const scalar d,
const scalar rho,
const scalar T,
const scalar Cp,
const scalar NCpW,
const scalar Sh,
scalar& dhsTrans,
@ -302,9 +274,12 @@ Foam::scalar Foam::ThermoParcel<ParcelType>::calcHeatTransfer
{
if (!td.cloud().heatTransfer().active())
{
return T;
return T_;
}
const scalar d = this->d();
const scalar rho = this->rho();
// Calc heat transfer coefficient
scalar htc = td.cloud().heatTransfer().htc(d, Re, Pr, kappa, NCpW);
@ -313,7 +288,7 @@ Foam::scalar Foam::ThermoParcel<ParcelType>::calcHeatTransfer
return
max
(
T + dt*Sh/(this->volume(d)*rho*Cp),
T_ + dt*Sh/(this->volume(d)*rho*Cp_),
td.cloud().constProps().TMin()
);
}
@ -322,7 +297,7 @@ Foam::scalar Foam::ThermoParcel<ParcelType>::calcHeatTransfer
const scalar As = this->areaS(d);
scalar ap = Tc_ + Sh/As/htc;
scalar bp = 6.0*(Sh/As + htc*(Tc_ - T));
scalar bp = 6.0*(Sh/As + htc*(Tc_ - T_));
if (td.cloud().radiation())
{
tetIndices tetIs = this->currentTetIndices();
@ -330,20 +305,20 @@ Foam::scalar Foam::ThermoParcel<ParcelType>::calcHeatTransfer
const scalar sigma = physicoChemical::sigma.value();
const scalar epsilon = td.cloud().constProps().epsilon0();
ap = (ap + epsilon*Gc/(4.0*htc))/(1.0 + epsilon*sigma*pow3(T)/htc);
bp += 6.0*(epsilon*(Gc/4.0 - sigma*pow4(T)));
ap = (ap + epsilon*Gc/(4.0*htc))/(1.0 + epsilon*sigma*pow3(T_)/htc);
bp += 6.0*(epsilon*(Gc/4.0 - sigma*pow4(T_)));
}
bp /= rho*d*Cp*(ap - T) + ROOTVSMALL;
bp /= rho*d*Cp_*(ap - T_) + ROOTVSMALL;
// Integrate to find the new parcel temperature
IntegrationScheme<scalar>::integrationResult Tres =
td.cloud().TIntegrator().integrate(T, dt, ap*bp, bp);
td.cloud().TIntegrator().integrate(T_, dt, ap*bp, bp);
scalar Tnew = max(Tres.value(), td.cloud().constProps().TMin());
Sph = dt*htc*As;
dhsTrans += Sph*(0.5*(T + Tnew) - Tc_);
dhsTrans += Sph*(0.5*(T_ + Tnew) - Tc_);
return Tnew;
}

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@ -236,10 +236,6 @@ protected:
const scalar Re, // Reynolds number
const scalar Pr, // Prandtl number - surface
const scalar kappa, // Thermal conductivity - surface
const scalar d, // diameter
const scalar rho, // density
const scalar T, // temperature
const scalar Cp, // specific heat capacity
const scalar NCpW, // Sum of N*Cp*W of emission species
const scalar Sh, // explicit particle enthalpy source
scalar& dhsTrans, // sensible enthalpy transfer to carrier