ENH: interfaceOxideRate: New mass transfer model
Based on:
Cao, L., Sun, F., Chen, T., Tang, Y., & Liao, D. (2018).
Quantitative prediction of oxide inclusion defects inside
the casting and on the walls during cast-filling processes.
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 119, 614-623.
DOI:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2017.11.127
Co-authored-by: Kutalmis Bercin <kutalmis.bercin@esi-group.com>
This commit is contained in:
sergio
Andrew Heather
parent
6580f1bbef
commit
ea9d424e24
@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
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\\ / A nd | www.openfoam.com
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\\/ M anipulation |
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-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Copyright (C) 2017 OpenCFD Ltd.
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Copyright (C) 2017-2021 OpenCFD Ltd.
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-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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License
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This file is part of OpenFOAM.
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@ -51,6 +51,7 @@ License
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#include "kineticGasEvaporation.H"
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#include "Lee.H"
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#include "interfaceHeatResistance.H"
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#include "interfaceOxideRate.H"
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// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
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@ -573,6 +574,37 @@ namespace Foam
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hPowerSolidThermoPhysics
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);
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// interfaceOxideRate model definitions
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//From pure phase (tabulated) to solid phase (const)
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makeInterfacePureType
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(
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interfaceOxideRate,
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heRhoThermo,
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rhoThermo,
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pureMixture,
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tabulatedThermoPhysics,
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heSolidThermo,
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solidThermo,
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pureMixture,
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hConstSolidThermoPhysics
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);
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// From pure phase (rho const) to phase (rho const)
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makeInterfacePureType
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(
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interfaceOxideRate,
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heRhoThermo,
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rhoThermo,
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pureMixture,
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constRhoHThermoPhysics,
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heRhoThermo,
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rhoThermo,
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pureMixture,
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constRhoHThermoPhysics
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);
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}
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@ -0,0 +1,207 @@
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/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*\
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========= |
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\\ / F ield | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox
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\\ / O peration |
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\\ / A nd | www.openfoam.com
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\\/ M anipulation |
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-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Copyright (C) 2021 OpenCFD Ltd.
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-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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License
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This file is part of OpenFOAM.
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OpenFOAM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it
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under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
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the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
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(at your option) any later version.
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OpenFOAM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
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ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
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FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License
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for more details.
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You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
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along with OpenFOAM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
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\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
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#include "interfaceOxideRate.H"
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#include "cutCellIso.H"
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#include "volPointInterpolation.H"
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#include "timeVaryingMassSorptionFvPatchScalarField.H"
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// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Constructors * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
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template<class Thermo, class OtherThermo>
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Foam::meltingEvaporationModels::interfaceOxideRate<Thermo, OtherThermo>
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::interfaceOxideRate
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(
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const dictionary& dict,
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const phasePair& pair
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)
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:
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InterfaceCompositionModel<Thermo, OtherThermo>(dict, pair),
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C_
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(
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dimensionedScalar
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(
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dimDensity/dimTime,
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dict.getCheck<scalar>("C", scalarMinMax::ge(0))
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)
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),
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Tliquidus_
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(
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dimensionedScalar
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(
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dimTemperature,
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dict.getCheck<scalar>("Tliquidus", scalarMinMax::ge(0))
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)
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),
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Tsolidus_
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(
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dimensionedScalar
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(
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dimTemperature,
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dict.getCheck<scalar>("Tsolidus", scalarMinMax::ge(0))
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)
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),
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oxideCrit_
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(
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dimensionedScalar
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(
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dimDensity,
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dict.getCheck<scalar>("oxideCrit", scalarMinMax::ge(0))
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)
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),
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mDotOxide_
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(
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IOobject
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(
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"mDotOxide",
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this->mesh_.time().timeName(),
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this->mesh_,
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IOobject::NO_READ,
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IOobject::AUTO_WRITE
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),
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this->mesh_,
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dimensionedScalar(dimDensity/dimTime, Zero)
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),
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isoAlpha_(dict.getOrDefault<scalar>("isoAlpha", 0.5))
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{}
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// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Member Functions * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
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template<class Thermo, class OtherThermo>
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Foam::tmp<Foam::volScalarField>
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Foam::meltingEvaporationModels::interfaceOxideRate<Thermo, OtherThermo>::Kexp
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(
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const volScalarField& T
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)
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{
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const volScalarField& from = this->pair().from();
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const volScalarField& to = this->pair().to();
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// (CSC:Eq. 2)
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const fvMesh& mesh = this->mesh_;
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scalarField ap
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(
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volPointInterpolation::New(mesh).interpolate(from)
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);
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cutCellIso cutCell(mesh, ap);
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tmp<volScalarField> tSalpha = scalar(0)*from;
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volScalarField& Salpha = tSalpha.ref();
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forAll(Salpha, celli)
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{
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const label status = cutCell.calcSubCell(celli, isoAlpha_);
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if (status == 0) // cell is cut
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{
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Salpha[celli] = scalar(1);
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}
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}
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// (CSC:Eq. 5)
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tmp<volScalarField> tSoxide =
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max((oxideCrit_.value() - to)/oxideCrit_.value(), scalar(0));
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// (CSC:Eq. 4)
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tmp<volScalarField> tST =
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Foam::exp
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(
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scalar(1)
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- scalar(1)/max((T - Tsolidus_)/(Tliquidus_ - Tsolidus_),scalar(1e-6))
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);
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// (CSC:Eq. 6)
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mDotOxide_ = C_*tSalpha*tSoxide*tST;
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const volScalarField::Boundary& alphab = to.boundaryField();
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forAll(alphab, patchi)
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{
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if (isA<timeVaryingMassSorptionFvPatchScalarField>(alphab[patchi]))
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{
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const auto& pp =
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refCast<const timeVaryingMassSorptionFvPatchScalarField>
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(
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alphab[patchi]
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);
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const labelUList& fc = mesh.boundary()[patchi].faceCells();
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tmp<scalarField> tsb = pp.source();
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auto tRhoto = tmp<volScalarField>::New
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(
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IOobject
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(
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"tRhoto",
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mesh.time().timeName(),
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mesh
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),
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mesh,
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dimensionedScalar(dimDensity, Zero)
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);
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volScalarField& rhoto = tRhoto.ref();
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rhoto = this->pair().to().rho();
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forAll(fc, faceI)
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{
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const label cellI = fc[faceI];
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const scalar rhoI = rhoto[cellI];
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mDotOxide_[cellI] += rhoI*tsb()[faceI];
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}
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}
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}
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return tmp<volScalarField>::New(mDotOxide_);
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}
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template<class Thermo, class OtherThermo>
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Foam::tmp<Foam::volScalarField>
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Foam::meltingEvaporationModels::interfaceOxideRate<Thermo, OtherThermo>::KSp
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(
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label variable,
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const volScalarField& refValue
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)
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{
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return nullptr;
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}
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template<class Thermo, class OtherThermo>
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Foam::tmp<Foam::volScalarField>
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Foam::meltingEvaporationModels::interfaceOxideRate<Thermo, OtherThermo>::KSu
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(
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label variable,
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const volScalarField& refValue
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)
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{
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return nullptr;
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}
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// ************************************************************************* //
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@ -0,0 +1,238 @@
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/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*\
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========= |
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\\ / F ield | OpenFOAM: The Open Source CFD Toolbox
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\\ / O peration |
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\\ / A nd | www.openfoam.com
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\\/ M anipulation |
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-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Copyright (C) 2021 OpenCFD Ltd.
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-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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License
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This file is part of OpenFOAM.
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OpenFOAM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it
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||||
under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
|
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the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
|
||||
(at your option) any later version.
|
||||
|
||||
OpenFOAM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
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||||
ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
|
||||
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License
|
||||
for more details.
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||||
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You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
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||||
along with OpenFOAM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
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Class
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Foam::meltingEvaporationModels::interfaceOxideRate
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Description
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The \c interfaceOxideRate is a simple model to calculate the formation
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rate of oxide inclusions (\c mDotOxide), which is a local function of
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the volume fraction of reducing agent (\c alpha), temperature (\c T)
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and oxide-inclusion density (\c chi).
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The oxide-inclusion formation rate is modelled as follows:
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\f[
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S_\chi = C_\chi S_\alpha S_T S_\rho
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\f]
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with
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\f[
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S_\alpha = \alpha (1 - \alpha)
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\f]
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\f[
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S_T =
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\exp{
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1 - \frac{1}{max(T - T_{solidus}/(T_liquidus - T_solidus), 1e-6)}
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}
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\f]
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\f[
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S_\rho =
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max \left(\frac{\chi_{crit} - \chi_{curr}}{\chi_{curr}}, 0\right)
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\f]
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where
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\vartable
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S_\chi | Oxide-inclusion formation rate [kg/(m^3 s)]
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C_\chi | Oxide-inclusion formation rate constant [kg/(m^3 s)]
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S_\alpha | Formation factor due to volume fraction of reducing agent [-]
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S_T | Formation factor due to temperature [-]
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S_\rho | Formation factor due to oxide-inclusion density [-]
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\alpha | Volume fraction of reducing agent [-]
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T | Local temperature [K]
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T_{solidus} | Solidus temperature of reducing agent [K]
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T_{liquidus} | Liquidus temperature of reducing agent [K]
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\chi_{crit} | Critical oxide-inclusion density [kg/m^3]
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\chi_{curr} | Current oxide-inclusion density [kg/m^3]
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\endvartable
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References:
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\verbatim
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Oxide-inclusion model (tag:CSC):
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Cao, L., Sun, F., Chen, T., Tang, Y., & Liao, D. (2018).
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Quantitative prediction of oxide inclusion defects inside
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the casting and on the walls during cast-filling processes.
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International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 119, 614-623.
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DOI:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2017.11.127
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\endverbatim
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Usage
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Minimal example by using \c constant/phaseProperties.massTransferModel:
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\verbatim
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massTransferModel
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(
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(liquid to oxide)
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{
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type interfaceOxideRate;
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C <scalar>;
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Tliquidus <scalar>;
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Tsolidus <scalar>;
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oxideCrit <scalar>;
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isoAlpha <scalar>;
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}
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);
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\endverbatim
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where the entries mean:
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\table
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Property | Description | Type | Reqd | Deflt
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type | Type name: interfaceOxideRate | word | yes | -
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C | Oxide-inclusion formation rate constant | scalar | yes | -
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Tliquidus | Liquidus temperature of reducing agent | scalar | yes | -
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Tsolidus | Solidus temperature of reducing agent | scalar | yes | -
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oxideCrit | Critical oxide-inclusion density | scalar | yes | -
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isoAlpha | Location of the source | scalar | no | 0.5
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\endtable
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Note
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- \c oxideCrit should be determined experimentally (CSC:p. 616).
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- \c C should be determined by practical production (CSC:p. 616).
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SourceFiles
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interfaceOxideRate.C
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\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
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#ifndef meltingEvaporationModels_interfaceOxideRate_H
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#define meltingEvaporationModels_interfaceOxideRate_H
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#include "InterfaceCompositionModel.H"
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// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *//
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namespace Foam
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{
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// Forward Declarations
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class phasePair;
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namespace meltingEvaporationModels
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{
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/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*\
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Class interfaceOxideRate Declaration
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\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
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template<class Thermo, class OtherThermo>
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class interfaceOxideRate
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:
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public InterfaceCompositionModel<Thermo, OtherThermo>
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{
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// Private Data
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//- Oxide-inclusion formation rate constant
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const dimensionedScalar C_;
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//- Liquidus temperature of reducing agent (e.g. a casting metal)
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const dimensionedScalar Tliquidus_;
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//- Solidus temperature of reducing agent (e.g. a casting metal)
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const dimensionedScalar Tsolidus_;
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//- Critical oxide-inclusion density
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const dimensionedScalar oxideCrit_;
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//- Oxide-inclusion formation rate
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volScalarField mDotOxide_;
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//- Interface Iso-value
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scalar isoAlpha_;
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public:
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//- Runtime type information
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TypeName("interfaceOxideRate");
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// Constructors
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//- Construct from components
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interfaceOxideRate
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(
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const dictionary& dict,
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const phasePair& pair
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);
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//- Destructor
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virtual ~interfaceOxideRate() = default;
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// Member Functions
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//- Explicit total mass transfer coefficient
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virtual tmp<volScalarField> Kexp
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(
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const volScalarField& field
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);
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//- Implicit mass transfer coefficient
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virtual tmp<volScalarField> KSp
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(
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label modelVariable,
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const volScalarField& field
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);
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//- Explicit mass transfer coefficient
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virtual tmp<volScalarField> KSu
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(
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label modelVariable,
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const volScalarField& field
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);
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//- Return solidus temperature of reducing agent
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virtual const dimensionedScalar& Tactivate() const noexcept
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{
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return Tsolidus_;
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}
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//- Add/subtract alpha*div(U) as a source term
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//- for alpha, substituting div(U) = mDot(1/rho1 - 1/rho2)
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virtual bool includeDivU() const noexcept
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{
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return true;
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}
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};
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// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
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} // End namespace meltingEvaporationModels
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} // End namespace Foam
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// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
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#ifdef NoRepository
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# include "interfaceOxideRate.C"
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#endif
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// * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * //
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#endif
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// ************************************************************************* //
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